Wednesday, December 25, 2019

Analysis Of Michel Foucault s The Of The Docile Women

Though Bartkey’s argument demonstrates logic and cohesive arguments, she fails to impress readers with her solution to end the legacy of the docile women. Sandra Bartkey commences her argument with an introduction to Michel Foucault. She explains how Foucault demonstrates the presence of self-policing in society through the usage of the Panopticon. The Panopticon is a prison where there stands one central guard tower and rows of prison cells surrounding the tower. Sunlight shines into the cells creating a clear view for the guards that enables them to perceive everything that occurs in these cells. Though the scarcity of guards limits the amount of prisoners that can be viewed at one time, the prisoners feel watched at all times.†¦show more content†¦Hence, even though a liberatory note is sounded in Foucault’s critique of power, his analysis, as a whole reproduces that sexism which is endemic throughout Western political.† (169). In summary, women remain considerably further prone to self-policing themselves to become the docile woman – a standard in society today. The first way women police themselves happens through media, diet and exercise. Bartkey defines the standard for women’s figures today, by saying â€Å"The current body of fashion is taunt, small breasted, narrow-hipped, and of a slimness bordering on emancipation; it is a silhouette that seems more appropriate to an adolescent boy or a newly pubescent girl than to an adult woman. Since ordinary women have normally quite different dimensions, they must of course diet† (170). The author states that due to many women not fitting this model-like image, they are forced to diet and exercise. The exercises that women partake in are designed to slim the body down in certain areas – the hips, thighs, etc. – to ensure they fit this body standard, therefore policing themselves to fit society’s standards. The second way women police themselves happens through body and facial constriction. Women sit with their legs crossed, their arms in their lap and hunched over, while men are known to sit with their legs widely spread out. The women’s smaller posture only builds on the idea that they are meant to be

Monday, December 16, 2019

The Impact of Technology in Developing Effective Teamwork...

Developing Effective Teamwork in Organizations: Teamwork is one of the most important elements for the effectiveness of an organization in achieving its goals because people are an essential building block of total quality management within the organization. Actually, the main responsibility of the achievement of quality lies with the individual or group carrying out the organizational activities and processes. The importance of teamwork in an organization is evident in the fact that the complexity of organizational processes requires individuals and groups to tackle the activities efficiently. However, teamwork in an organization is achieved through proper strategies, mechanisms, and structure that are implemented carefully and efficiently. For instance, effective teamwork requires employees to engage in organizational processes with the commitment from senior managers. Nature of Groups and Group Behavior within Organizations: Organizations are usually characterized by different groups who interact in a way that every individual plays a significant role in the achievement of the goals and aims of the organization. Groups are established in an organization for several purposes including helping the organization to achieve important tasks and promoting the maintenance of high-quality workforce through satisfying the needs of the members (McCuddy, 2003, p.4). Notably, these groups are generally divided into two major categories i.e. formal and informal groups that areShow MoreRelatedA New Enterprise Resource Planning System1627 Words   |  7 Pagesregard to the organization as a whole, as opposed to smaller changes within an organization, such as adding a new person or adapting a new program. 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Sunday, December 8, 2019

Internet of Things-From Hype to Reality-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.What does the statement "the best interface for a system is no User Interface"? When might this apply and provide two examples. 2.Compare the bandwidth, distance, interference rating, cost and security of a) twisted pair cable, b) coaxial cable and 3) fibre optic cable. e. 3.The three common ways to obtain information from IoT devices are sensors, RFID and Video tracking. Compare the three technologies by addressing the advantages, disadvantages, key requirements for the things. 4.Discuss the issues associated with security and privacy in the context of the Internet of Things. 5.An IoT water level monitoring application requires updates from a sensor periodically, using the command/response paradigm. 6.Describe Nielson's Law. How does it relate to Moore's Law? What are the implications for the Internet of Thing? Answers: 1.The best interface for a system is no User Interface has been used categorically to imply that, what application Interface refers to as best may not be the best interface when it comes to systems user application interface. Users of the system are quite different from machine and requires to have very attractive and accommodating interface (Krishna, 2015). Requirements of User Interface should be met according to users need such as navigation and easy to operate. With no User Interface, what is left is for machine to help human being do the business activities instead of Users adopting the need to operate applications. It is applicable in cases where machine is self-directing on what should be done instead of users interacting with it. The examples on this case are; eliminating UI that car owners use to open their cars and applications that users use to order online. 2.Twisted pair cable has the following specifications on bandwidth; CAT 4=20 MHZ, CAT 5=100MHZ and CAT 6= 250MHZ. The maximum length of performance that twisted cable can take is 100M. The interference rate of CAT 4 = 20Mbps, CAT 5= 100Mbps (2 pair) and CAT 6= 10,000Mbps. The bulk price of UTP cable 5 pairs which double shielded and AWG stranded is $237.62 in a ready market. On security matters, UPT does not permit crosstalk between wires and is prone to radio frequency. Coaxial cable bandwidth are; Wireless G (802.11g) = 54Mbps, WAN-10 Base-T= 10Mbps and cable broadband= 52Mbps (KOEGEL, YU, LUA, 2009). The maximum distance of a coaxial cable is 380M. The interference rate of a coaxial cable increases with length. The cost is dependent on the type of cable. RG6 which is of Standard Shield type ranges from $50-$200 for 30,000 miles. It is believed to be more secure than twisted cable. The bandwidth of a fibre optic cable is 1Gbps, its operating distance is between 850nm and 1300 nm. The cost are as follows; 288 Count Fiber Cost = 5,000 ft at $5.87 per foot; 144 Count Fiber = 5000 ft at $2.98 per foot; 24 Count Fiber = 70,000 ft at $0.68 per foot. In security terms, it is the best in data protection. 3. Category Sensors RFID Video Tracking Advantages Help in solving security problem while protecting valuables Control activities by providing accurate data (Meyer, Ruppen Magerkurth, 2013) It can store more information than barcode Versatile in nature Able to read and write, unlike barcode Increases security in stores Helps in preventing shoplifting It provides efficient management by surveillance Disadvantages Easily manipulated Break down Costly due to use of batteries Remote reading is interfered with by electromagnetic It requires expert to fix and analyze Requirements Range Bandwidth accuracy resolution Tags production Software Blank RFID Cameras Computer DSP board Application Cash points Traffic lights control Inventory tracking, Race timing Supermarkets Banks City centers 4.The following are issues which are associated with Internet of Things (IoT) in todays technological market. According to Rayes Salam (2016), privacy has been challenging because a lot of information is being stored online and various people are trying to access it for their own benefits. Many organizations have their systems compromised with intent of acquiring sensitive data. Additionally, with growing technology, it has been very difficult to secure hardware, software and other operational platforms being used in IoT. Similarly, it may result to Bodily harm and property damage. Such cases occur where IoT is being used to control sensitive devices such as blood sugar level applications connected to patient. When it fails, it may result to death or body harm. 5.Delay= 12ms Process/ request= 3ms Send/receive message =2ms 2/3*12=8ms 6.Nielson's Law involves internet bandwidth and states that, high end user connection is expected to grow at a rate of 50% in a given year (Pecur, 2013). There are specific reasons as to why bandwidth increases exponentially; it has been noticed that, Telecom companies more conservative in their investments. Next, users are reluctant in spending a lot of their money on bandwidth. Finally, the number of users are growing more than expected. There is direct correlation between Nielson's Law and Moores Law in that, the latter is based on Moores Law. It states that computer processing power is likely to increase twice within a period of 18 months. When plotted in a graph, they exhibit exponential straight line (Cohen, Alikani, Bisignano, 2012). Some of the implications associated with IoT are; connected world before 2020, interconnection of devices, homes and intelligent cities and required data security and privacy. References Cohen, J., Alikani, M., Bisignano, A. (2012). Past performance of assisted reproduction technologies as a model to predict future progress: a proposed addendum to Moores law. Reproductive biomedicine online, 25(6), 585-590. Koegel, B. J. F., Yu, H. H., Lua, E. K. (2009). P2P networking and applications. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Morgan Kaufmann Krishna, G. (2015). The best interface is no interface: The simple path to brilliant technology.San Francisco, Calif: Pearson Education, New Riders. Meyer, S., Ruppen, A., Magerkurth, C. (2013). Internet of things-aware process modeling: integrating IoT devices as business process resources. In International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (pp. 84-98). Berlin: Springer, Heidelberg. Pecur, D. (2013, June). Techno-economic analysis of long tailed hybrid fixed-wireless access. In Telecommunications (ConTEL), 2013 12th International Conference on (pp. 191-198). IEEE. Rayes, A., Salam, S. (2016). Internet of Things -- from hype to reality: The road to digitization

Sunday, December 1, 2019

Outsiders Summary Essays - Italian Politicians, Niccol Machiavelli

Outsiders Summary Annonymous In The Prince Niccolo Machiavelli presents a view of governing a state that is drastically different from that of humanists of his time. Machiavelli believes the ruling Prince should be the sole authority determining every aspect of the state and put in effect a policy which would serve his best interests. These interests were gaining, maintaining, and expanding his political power.1 His understanding of human nature was a complete contradiction of what humanists believed and taught. Machiavelli strongly promoted a secular society and felt morality was not necessary but in fact stood in the way of an effectively governed principality.2 Though in come cases Machiavelli's suggestions seem harsh and immoral one must remember that these views were derived out of concern Italy's unstable political condition.3 Though humanists of Machiavelli's time believed that an individual had much to offer to the well being of the state, Machiavelli was quick to mock human nature. Humanists believed that An individual only'grows to maturity- both intellectually and morally- through participation' in the life of the state.4 Machiavelli generally distrusted citizens, stating that ...in time of adversity, when the state is in need of it's citizens there are few to be found.5 Machiavelli further goes on to question the loyalty of the citizens and advises the Prince that ...because men a wretched creatures who would not keep their word to you, you need keep your word to them.6 However, Machiavelli did not feel that a Prince should mistreat the citizens. This suggestion once again to serve the Prince's best interests. If a prince can not be both feared and loved, Machiavelli suggests, it would be better for him to be feared bey the citizens within his own principality. He makes the generalization that men are, ...ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers, they shun danger and are greedy for profit; while you treat them well they are yours.7 He characterizes men as being self centered and not willing to act in the best interest of the state,[and when the prince] is in danger they turn against [him].8 Machiavelli reinforces the prince's need to be feared by stating: Men worry less about doing an injury to one who makes himself loved than to one who makes himself feared. The bond of love is one which men, wretched creatures they are, break when it is to their advantage to do so; but fear is strengthened by a dread of punishment which is always effective.9 In order to win honor, Machaivelli suggests that a prince must be readily willing to deceive the citizens. One way is to ...show his esteem for talent actively encouraging the able and honouring those who excel in their professions...so that they can go peaceably about their business.10 By encouraging citizens to excel at their professions he would also be encouraging them to ...increase the prosperity of the their state.11 These measures, though carried out in deception, would bring the prince honor and trust amongst the citizens, especially those who were in the best positions to oppose him. Machiavelli postulates that a prince must also deceive those who attempt to flatter him. [In] choosing wise men for his government and allowing those the freedom to speak the truth to him, and then only concerning matters on which he asks their opinion, and nothing else. But he should also question them toughly and listen to what they say; then he should make up his own mind.12 Since each person will only advice the prince in accord to his own interests, the prince must act on his own accord. Machiavelli discourages action to taken otherwise ...since men will always do badly by [the prince] unless they are forced to be virtuous.13 Machiavelli actively promoted a secular form of politics. He laid aside the Medieval conception of the state as a necessary creation for humankinds spiritual, material, and social well-being.14 In such a state,[a] ruler was justified in his exercise of political power only if it contributed to the common good of the people he served, [and] the ethical side of a princes activity...ought to [be] based on Christian moral principles....15 Machiavelli believed a secular form of government to be a more realistic type. His views were to the benefit of the prince, in helping him maintain power rather than to serve to the well being of the citizens. Machiavelli promoted his belief by stating: The fact is that a man who wants to act virtuously in every way necessarily comes to grief among those who are not virtuous. Therefore, if a prince wants to maintain his rule he must learn not to be so virtuous, and to

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

British Airways PR Plan

British Airways PR Plan Advertising We will write a custom report sample on British Airways PR Plan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Executive Summary This paper is a PR plan for a leading aviation company, British Airways (BA). Traditionally, people have known BA as an experienced and reliable company, but recent industrial strikes have eroded this perception. This paper proposes that BA should reclaim its image as the most reliable and experienced company by focusing on improving the perceptions of its employees and customers about the company. Relative to this goal, this paper proposes several strategies including the adoption of an open communication policy, where the company should invite all stakeholders for an open interaction through social media and face-to-face interactions. The objective of this strategy is to improve the level of interaction between BA, its employees, and its customers. Through this interaction, BA should demonstrate that it genu inely cares about the welfare of its customers and employees by showing genuine interest in improving customer service and employee working conditions. Background A founding member of the One World Alliance, BA is the national carrier for United Kingdom. The UK government established BA in 1974, but in 1987, the same government privatized the company after nearly 13 years of state control.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Since then, British Airways has cut a niche in the aviation industry as being among the largest airline companies in the world. Indeed, only until 2008, British Airways held the reputation of being the largest airline company in the world, in terms of its fleet numbers. The company’s main operational hub is at Heathrow airport, but its global presence spans across 150 destinations around the world. Underlying British Airway’s success is an eroding public confidence about the airline’s reliability as a customer-focused airline company. A series of industrial strikes that nearly grounded the company’s operations in most of its key markets caused the eroded confidence. For example, throughout most parts of the years 2007, 2008, and 2009, British Airways suffered from a string of industrial actions by its employees. The employees protested poor working conditions and low pay. The industrial actions caused a series of flight delays and flight cancellations that inconvenienced most of BA’s customers. The disorder dented BA’s public image when stiff competition from rival global airline companies and local low-cost airlines undermined the BA’s market leadership. BA’s management was unable to contain most of these strikes, thereby further denting the airline’s image as a reliable airline company. Since then, BA’s has had a difficult time trying to redeem its image as a reliable airline company in the eyes of the public. Situation Analysis This situational analysis follows four main aspects of BA’s operations: strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. They outline below:Advertising We will write a custom report sample on British Airways PR Plan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Strengths Most of BA’s strengths stem from its past leadership in the airline industry. For example, BA’s vast global operations earned it the reputation of a respected global airline company with vast experience and operational control around the world. The company’s expanding fleet of modern aircrafts and the success of some of the company’s loyalty programs (such as the executive club) also comprise some of the company’s key strengths Weaknesses Some airline customers regard some of BA’s flights as expensive because many low-cost airlines charge relatively lowe r prices for air travel. BA has found it difficult to compete with such low-cost airlines because it maintains several extensive global operations. The high costs of managing and running the extensive global operations have significantly increased the company’s bottom-line costs. BA’s has also suffered negative publicity from poor services that have culminated through a rise in the number of lost luggage and cancelled flights. These factors have led to the company’s declining profitability. Opportunities Since most of BA’s competition come from low-cost airlines, the biggest opportunity that exists for the company is starting a low-cost airline division for its international fleets. This way, the company would be able to charge low fares for a big part of its core customer base, which is increasingly seeing the rival low-cost airlines as a better alternative than BA.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, since most of BA’s operational costs trace to high fuel costs, the company may invest in the sourcing of alternative fuel to power its aircrafts. This initiative involves funding research and development initiatives that work to serve this purpose. Threats Like most airline companies around the world, BA’s greatest threat is increased competition. In addition, as mentioned in the above section of this report, high fuel costs also threaten the company’s future sustainability as it erodes most of its profitability. BA has also lost most of its cabin crew through its extensive strikes and a crumbling corporate image. This issue has made it more difficult for the company to replace its lost cabin crew, as few potential employees are willing to work with the company. Message Statement The emerging themes in this PR plan include customer sensitivity, employee loyalty, and brand consistency. The main idea behind the proposed PR plan is to create a positive brand image by achieving customer and employee buy-in. In other words, the proposed PR plan singles out BA’s customers and employees as the main stakeholders that have the power to improve the company’s public image. By achieving employee loyalty, the proposed PR plan aims to convince its customers that all is well with the company and the focus for the company now is the welfare of its customers and employees. This message statement especially relies on BA’s past image as the leading airline company in the world. The proposed PR plan aims to reaffirm the notion that BA is more experienced, caring, and capable of meeting customer and employees demands, compared to other upcoming companies. Communication Process The aim of this communication process is to improve the interaction between BA with its employees, its customers, the public, and the media to improve the company’s image in the community. BA’s communication process should stem from a syste m’s perspective. The systems perspective will help the organization to communicate with the employees and customers by establishing a stable company image of reliability and community focus. The systems theory explains this model. Feedback will be an important part of the communication process because feedback may help BA to improve the effectiveness of its communication and PR plans. The communication process will be open to all stakeholders of the PR plan because the PR plan needs to be self-sustaining. Stated differently, by including the inputs of the company’s main stakeholders (customers and employees), the PR plan will be able to evolve and meet the needs of the organization. Audiences BA’s employees and customers outline the focus of the company’s PR plan. Employees are a critical audience for the company because their dissatisfaction with the company created the public image crisis that BA faces today. In addition, through employee strikes, BAâ⠂¬â„¢s customers lost confidence in the company. The employees and the customers therefore outline the main target audiences for BA because both groups stand at different ends of the PR plan. A change of the employees’ perceptions about BA is likely to rub off on the customers because the employees may offer better customer services if BA’s management pays close attention to their welfare. Through improved services, BA’s employees will attract more customers to the company. This situation is likely to improve the company’s image, sales, and profitability in the end. Key Audience Messages The key audience message of this PR plan is to convince BA’s employees and customers that the company cares for their welfares. The PR plan should communicate to both groups of stakeholders that the company is genuinely interested in improving their welfare because it understands their importance in achieving corporate success. Through this commitment, BA should de monstrate that it genuinely values the employees and customers by improving its customer services and rewarding its employees for positive work. These initiatives should culminate in a â€Å"BA open day† program where the managers, employees, and customers meet and share insights regarding the company’s operations. This way, the company will make the employees and customers believe that it is genuinely interested in their concerns by opening its communication channels to both groups of stakeholders. Implementation The best way to reach the target audiences for this PR plan is through social media and face-to-face communication. Demographic assessments of BA’s customers show that the customers frequently use social media. The company can therefore effectively communicate with its customers this way. Moreover, social media provides a cheap alternative for BA to interact with the customers. However, employees should get a special attention from the top-level manage ment, through face-to-face interaction, because the management should demonstrate that it is genuinely interested in their welfare. Therefore, BA’s managers should steer the PR implementation process and not fully delegate the responsibility to a PR firm. Budget The budget for the public relations plan focuses on research, information gathering, monitoring and evaluation, and strategic integrated communication. The following spreadsheet outlines the budget estimates for these activities. Activity Qty/Year Hours Expenses Total Research 0 50 $1,750 $87,500 Information gathering 0 40 $1,000 $40,000 Monitoring and evaluation 0 60 $2,000 $120,000 Strategic integrated communication 0 40 $2,750 $110,000 Base Program Budget $357,500 Monitoring and Evaluation Measuring Public Opinion Measuring public opinion is a reliable way of understanding the effectiveness of the PR plan. BA should measure the public opinion before and after the execution of the PR plan, to unde rstand the impact of the PR strategy on the company’s brand. The public opinion should be measured using customer and employee surveys. Assessing the responses in the customer surveys may show if BA has achieved the objectives of the PR plan, or not. Social media evaluation Since social media forms a key part of this PR strategy, social media evaluation may provide a reliable indicator for monitoring and evaluating the impact of the PR plan. The key indicator of this assessment is the quality and level of interaction between the customers and the company (not the number of followers). If there is a high level of interaction between the company and its employees, or customers, BA should expect the development of a positive brand image. However, if the levels of interaction between the company and the employees, or customers, fail to increase, then BA should assume that the PR plan has failed to achieve its objectives.

Friday, November 22, 2019

4 Types of Gerunds and Gerund Phrases

4 Types of Gerunds and Gerund Phrases 4 Types of Gerunds and Gerund Phrases 4 Types of Gerunds and Gerund Phrases By Mark Nichol A gerund is one of three classes of words called verbals words based on verbs and expressing an action or a state of being but serving another grammatical function. (The other two are participles and infinitives.) A gerund, which functions as a noun, can consist of a single word or a phrase. The four types of gerunds and gerund phrases follow: 1. Subject Gardening is my favorite hobby. (Gardening is normally a verb, but here it is the name of an activity.) Gardening in the summertime is a challenge because of the heat. (The gerund is followed by a modifying adverbial phrase, forming a gerund phrase.) 2. Direct Object My neighbors admire my gardening. (The admiration is not for the action of gardening, but for the results of the action.) I am enjoying my gardening this year. (The direct object of the subject is â€Å"my gardening this year.†) 3. Object of Preposition I have received several awards for my gardening. (The awards have been given for the results of the activity.) Some people consider my interest in gardening an obsession. (The gerund phrase is â€Å"gardening an obsession.†) 4. Subject Complement My favorite hobby is gardening. (Again, gardening is described as something done, not the act of doing it. The statement is the inverse of the first sentence in this group; here â€Å"My favorite hobby† is the subject, and gardening is its complement.) I do my gardening in the morning. (The phrase â€Å"gardening in the morning† is the subject complement.) Confusion with Present Participle Phrases If a sentence resembling one of these statements includes a comma, it’s likely to contain a present participle phrase, not a gerund phrase. For example, the sentence â€Å"Gardening in the summertime, I built up a resistance to hot weather† contains a present participle phrase, which includes a participle, a verb functioning as an adjective or an adverb. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Format a UK Business Letter34 Writing Tips That Will Make You a Better WriterHow Do You Pronounce "Mozart"?

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Compare and contrast applied and theoretical forms of research Essay

Compare and contrast applied and theoretical forms of research. Provide support for each of your answers - Essay Example Applied research is recognized as successful when a particular research helps in figuring out a solution to any particular issue for which the research was being conducted (McArdle 28). A research that is applied in nature is considered as successful in accordance to the degree of its scientific competence. Research that is theoretical in nature is deemed as successful when a research ends up in figuring out a novice concept or phenomenon or it helps in figuring out new ideas (McArdle 28). The main aim of the researcher of applied research is to provide the world with theoretical frame work in order to help enhance the world’s interpretation of a concept. A research is regarded as applied in nature when the research results in successfully solving a particular issue that is practical in nature and these problems are experienced by various stakeholders including businesses, governments and politicians. In the case of applied research, the issue experienced by the individual or organization funding the research is refined and then a solution is figured out to help the patron. Theoretical research is not conducted with the aim of solving a issue of a particular organization or individual, it rather is conducted for the betterment of the whole society and to help the society understand a particular phenomenon. Applied research and theoretical research are both conducted to benefit human beings and society (Bernan 219). But applied research is conducted to solve the problem or an agenda experienced by a particular organization or individual and that particular organization or individual funds the research. The organization or the individual even has the liberty to decide whether to make the research public or use it for his own advantage only. On the other hand, findings of theoretical research benefit both the overall society and individuals and are published to help ever individual of the society in learning about an issue or a

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Research Methods in Engineering Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research Methods in Engineering - Assignment Example Twitter and web globalization go hand in hand. Many companies are getting Twitter accounts. According to Yunker (2009),"ICANN[, a major company,] recently launched its own Twitter feed. And since ICANN is a global organization, it launched more than one language feed - one in English and one in Spanish." Twitter is exploding at an astounding rate. According to Pence (2007), "Some have called the current generation of college students the Web generationThe pace of technology change continues to quicken. The effects of globalization and social networking have not yet had their full impact." Indeed, this is a social media revolution that will not be underestimated. Pence (2007) says that "the media revolution is changing so fast that in a decade we will be dealing with college-age students as different from today's college students as current college students are different from their teachers." Supposedly, social media networks such as Twitter build community trust in the online community. Barton et. al. (2009) "the operation of trust and inspiration in networking and teamwork [is a key] to become change agents in small groups and networks. This research sheds light on the mechanisms by which the process of e-learning adoption relies on social networks and connections. Thus, as one can see, social media plays an important role in today's globalized world. It is obvious that the more follower and, thus, influence, one has on Twitter, the more leverage electronic engineers have to harness the power of Twitter for globalization of their organization. Innovative approaches to technology in the globalization industry will have a great impact on the engineering field. Wineman et. al. (2009) says that , "the knowledge bases of social network [indicate the] preliminaryeffects ofsocial network structure and the support of innovation." B. Problem Definition The problem that will be analyzed is how to increase global influence on Twitter with electronic engineering technologies. C. Project Description and Significance This project will be accomplished through the creation of a survey for Twitter users regarding what an electronic engineer should do in order to help his or her company become more globalized. Section 2: Factors Influencing the Project A. Research Design: Survey Development The survey to be developed will incorporate the information of Twitter users with 500 or more followers on twitter (up to about 3 million or so) in order to facilitate what kind of knowledge is needed to spread globalization for one's company as an electronic engineer. B. Data Sources As mentioned in the section above, specific Twitter users will be queried, based on how many followers they have. The survey will basically cover people who are from various age ranges, socioeconomic backgrounds, and professions. The minimum amount of followers required (500) is set so that the survey administrator knows that the person being surveyed has at least some modicum of influence on Twitter. If necessary, peoples' usernames can be entered in the

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Eternal Light Essay Example for Free

Eternal Light Essay Another â€Å"wayfarer† is Victor Frankenstein, who is striving for â€Å"eternal light,† but in another aspect. He is the â€Å"Modern Prometheus,† longing to â€Å"pour a torrent of light into our dark world,† while creating a human being – a deed, which is intrinsic to God (26). His creation is the third participant in the â€Å"journey† to â€Å"eternal light. † He is unnamed, or more often called the creature, the monster, the wretch, or the one with â€Å"unearthly ugliness† (55). Victor’s creation also dreams for â€Å"eternal light† in the meaning of pure love or happiness, but he is compelled to follow the contrary direction – to â€Å"darkness and distance† (134). The three meet each other at the â€Å"land of mist and snow,† where their â€Å"journey† ends, where the border between possible and common lies, between dream and reality, between genius and mankind, between God and mankind, between â€Å"a country of eternal light† and â€Å"darkness and distance. † The character, accountable for the novel’s drama, is Victor Frankenstein, a student in humanities. â€Å"A possible interpretation of the name Victor derives from the poem Paradise Lost by John Milton, a great influence on Shelley (a quotation from Paradise Lost is on the opening page of Frankenstein and Shelley even allows the monster himself to read it). Milton frequently refers to God as ‘the Victor’ in Paradise Lost, and Shelley sees Victor as playing God by creating life† (Wikipedia). As a god Victor is determined to endow mankind: â€Å"Yet my heart overflowed with kindness, and the love of virtue. I had begun life with benevolent intentions, and thirsted for the moment when I should put them in practice, and make myself useful to my fellow-beings† (50). Moreover, as Prometheus, he gives the world â€Å"a spark of being† (28). Furnishing the world with such extreme power Frankenstein should take the responsibility of creator and help his gift be useful not destructive. However he mishandles it. When he is fifteen, he witnesses â€Å"a most violent and terrible thunderstorm,† which â€Å"utterly destroys† an â€Å"old and beautiful oak† (18). This event could be interpreted as an allusion to how pestilential this â€Å"spark of being† could be. As Miglena Nikolchina contends, the â€Å"serious ailment† is â€Å"in the man alone, undertaking the ‘godlike’ function to be a creator, but in many respects immature for it† (57). The concrete reason for the creature being â€Å"spurned at, and kicked, and trampled on† is his physical ugliness (133). Why Frankenstein’s creation is ugly? According to Cvetan Stoyanov, â€Å"Ugliness is in fact alienation, drifting away from the vital principle – organic could not be ugly, transgressing and killing it is ugly† (206). Something, often cited in connection to Shelley’s work is a sentence in which the perfect artist is described as a morally perfect man, as a â€Å"second creator, faultless Prometheus under the sky of Jupiter† (Shaftsbury 207). In this respect Miglena Nikolchina considers Frankenstein as an untalented artist, because he is not â€Å"morally perfect† and shows this as a reason for the monster’s ugliness. She claims that the Frankenstein’s morality is not one of a creator, but one of an ordinary man. â€Å"Frankenstein has not even fancied that love – namely love and only love his creation wants – is the first characteristic of creator. † â€Å"Ugliness turns out the sign, left behind by the creator who infuses life, but does not manage to come to love it and thus calls forth death, for it is not possible the fated for living to be made without love, and has no vitality what is deprived of the mercy to be loved† (Nikolchina 79-82). Victor’s blindness about the monster’s innocent nature is more harmful than the physical blindness. The blind De Lacey is the only man who perceives the monsters good resolutions. About the structure of the novel Nikolchina offers an interesting definition. It is â€Å"constructed as if of concentric circles of ice. The sailing to the North Pole is the outer circle, which serve as a frame of Frankenstein’s story. The conversation between the monster and Frankenstein among the sea of ice near Chamounix is the frame of the monster’s story, which is the core of the novel† (Nikolchina 86). The central part of his story is when after burning down the cottage of De Lacey he wonders: â€Å"And now, with the world before me, whither should I bend my steps? (80). Hereafter he starts hunting for his creator and begins alienating from his natural innocence. The creature wends his way toward â€Å"darkness and distance. † The changing nature corroborates his moral collapse: â€Å"I travelled only at night, fearful of encountering the visage of a human being. Nature decayed around me, and the sun became heatless; rain and snow poured around me; mighty rivers were frozen; the surface of the earth was hard, and chill, and bare, and I found no shelter† (81). â€Å"Advancing into experience,† Miglena Nikolchina explains, â€Å"is entering into a core of cold as well† (87). She suggests two aspects in analysing the role of ice. First it could be seen as â€Å"a supreme, unapproachable, unsusceptible to changes reality. It elevates Frankenstein ‘from all littleness of feeling,’ it fills him with ‘a sublime ecstasy that gives wings to the soul, and allows it to soar from the obscure world to light and joy’† (Nikolchina 87). Such an eternal and infinite is the picture before Robert Walton too: â€Å"†¦the region of beauty and delight. †¦the sun is for ever visible; its broad disk just skirting the horizon, and diffusing a perpetual splendour. The explorer’s hopes are so great that they turn out fantasies – he imagines an absolutely unreal North Pole: â€Å"†¦there snow and frost are banished; and, sailing over a calm sea, we may be wafted to a land surpassing in wonders and in beauty every region hitherto discovered on the habitable globe† (2). The Modern Prometheus chooses the â€Å"wi ld and mysterious regions† to â€Å"the tamer scenes of nature† (11). He goes beyond the potentialities of ordinary people, however, aiming not at admiring of the Great Nature, but at gaining the divine secrets. While Elizabeth contemplates â€Å"with a serious and satisfied spirit the magnificent appearances of things,† Victor delights â€Å"in investigating their causes. † Elizabeth follows â€Å"the aerial creations of the poets† and â€Å"in the majestic and wondrous scenes† she finds â€Å"ample scope for admiration and delight,† while Victor is â€Å"capable of a more intense application,† and is â€Å"more deeply smitten with the thirst for knowledge† (15). He elevates his intellect, but not his soul. He does not realize that new born (for his creation emerges in a completely unfamiliar world) needs love and attendance. Striving to eternal light,† he encounters â€Å"impenetrable darkness. † Night is closing around,† †dark are the mountains,† â€Å"heavens are clouded† (40-41). The â€Å"spark of being† turns out a hideous abortion. â€Å"Thick mists hide the summits of the mountains† (54). Frankenstein falls into â€Å"deep, dark, deathlike solitude† (50). Suffering â€Å"the eternal twinkling of the stars weighed upon him,† instead of delighting â€Å"eternal light,† he exclaims: â€Å"Oh! stars, and clouds, and winds, ye are all about to mock me: if ye really pity me, crush sensation and memory; let me become as nought; but if not, depart, depart, and leave me in darkness† (87). The magnificent scenes give way to appalling â€Å"dusky plain† (124). The other aspect of the ice, according Nikolchina, is â€Å"something barren and lifeless; like a power, which is hostile to life; like muteness† (88). Longing revenge, Victor departs from land and â€Å"pursues his journey across the sea in a direction that leads to no land,† â€Å"†¦the snows thicken and the cold increases in a degree almost too severe to support†¦ The rivers were covered with ice and no fish could be procured† (123). The nature seems to be inspirited and acts against Frankenstein: â€Å"Immense and rugged mountains of ice often barred up my passage, and I often heard the thunder of the ground sea which threatened my destruction† (124). It seems he has stepped on some unseen border that can not be crossed. â€Å"When he appears almost within grasp of his foe, his hopes are suddenly extinguished, [ ]. The wind arises; the sea roars; and, as with the mighty shock of an earthquake, it splits and cracks with a tremendous and overwhelming sound. The work is soon finished: in a few minutes a tumultuous sea rolls between him and his enemy, and he is left drifting on a scattered piece of ice, that is continually lessening, and thus preparing for him a hideous death† (124). â€Å"Walton is also surrounded by mountains of ice which admit of no escape and threaten every moment to crush his vessel† (127). The situation with the â€Å"unearthly† creature is however different. The stream of his spiritual development is contrary to the ones of Frankenstein and Walton. Through the epithet â€Å"unearthly† Shelley differentiates him from mankind. While Walton and Victor aim â€Å"wild and mysterious regions,† the creature seeks an intimacy with common world. The monster is â€Å"immaculate in a quite literal meaning – he is empty, tabula rasa† (Nikolchina 72). Every scene and every feeling he touches to are admirable for him. Everything is for the first time. He is a child. The monster meets the civilization, for the first, through the agency of fire, which is an allusion to a new Promethean deed. However he encounters some strangers’ fire. The â€Å"new born† learns everything from the outside world, from accidental circumstances. There is no one to guide him, no one to show him what is worth learning. According to A. A. Belskee, Shelley displays â€Å"the destructiveness of individualism, the tragedy of compulsory desolation, the intangibility of happiness without associating with others† (Belskee 303). Every approach to human society brings a lot of suffering to the creature, notwithstanding he sees â€Å"the future gilded by bright rays of hope and anticipations of joy† (65). Despondently speaking to Walton he describes himself as â€Å"the miserable and the abandoned, [†¦] an abortion, to be spurned at, and kicked, and trampled on† (133). The only possible interrelation with the surrounding world is violence. His crimes are a natural reaction, a rebel against the complete solitude. Otherwise the monster â€Å"could not conceive how one man could go forth to murder his fellow, [†¦] when I heard details of vice and bloodshed, my wonder ceased, and I turned away with disgust and loathing† (68). He clearly declares: â€Å"I was the slave, not the master, of an impulse which I detested, yet could not disobey† (132). The wretched interprets his lot as worse than Satan’s from Milton’s Paradise Lost, for â€Å"Satan had his companions, fellow-devils, to admire and encourage him; but I am solitary and abhorred† (74). He is the only one of the tree, the only one in the world, who completely rejects society with its gall, the only one who crosses the â€Å"border,† laid by society, and fades in â€Å"no land. † He fades for there will be no one to see him. The â€Å"eternal frosts† have frozen all the hatred into his â€Å"ice-raft† and he is â€Å"soon borne away by the waves and lost in darkness and distance† (143). The hopes of â€Å"poor† Frankenstein also fade with his death. He remains at the icy border, between â€Å"eternal light† and â€Å"darkness and distance. † The only thing he succeeds in is revealing these two possibilities for the future human nature: â€Å"Seek happiness in tranquillity and avoid ambition, even if it be only the apparently innocent one of distinguishing yourself in science and discoveries. Yet why do I say this? I have myself been blasted in these hopes, yet another may succeed.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Essay --

Cassidy Eidse Mr. Pickett Language Arts 3rd Period March 12 2014 Gandhi â€Å"You must be the change you wish to see in the world†-Gandhi.Gandhi changed the world not by violence but by a nonviolent method that changed the way, not just India but, the whole world treated people. Gandhi always tried to attain equality and peace for the people of India. He was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1937, 1938, 1939, and 1947,but never got it. Some believe because he was a politician was the reason he did not receive it, while others believe that the work Gandhi did was not universal just in India was the reason He did not get the award("Mahatma Gandhi"). Gandhi was the fourth and last child born into his family. Gandhi’s childhood and adulthood were very different from this generation because we do not have segregation. Gandhi’s influence on the civil rights movement and his death had a big impact on the way we live today. Gandhi was born October 2, 1869 in Portbandar India. Gandhi’s full name was Mohandas Karmchand Gandhi("World Biography").Some of his nicknames later on in his life were Mahatma, father of the nation and Bapu which means, father. Gandhi’s mother was a strong hindu. His mother’s name was Purtlibai. Gandhi’s father was Karamachand Gandhi Gandhi’s father was a prime minister to a lot of Indian princes. He was born into Hinduism,and was also a vegetarian("Mohandas Gandhi").His father wanted him to study law, so Gandhi went to England to study law in 1888. Gandhi became a lawyer in 1891("World Biography"). Gandhi finished high school after getting married. Gandhi was married at the age of 13 due to his families religion. Gandhi was married to Kasturbai who was about the same age as him. Child marriage was part of Hinduism.... ... to Gandhi’s ideas. Nathura tried, but failed to shoot himself after the assassination. For the ceremony Gandhi was wrapped in a sheet and laid on a pyre of wood and burned. His ashes were scattered on lake Jumna’s waters.(Trumbull, Robert.) Gandhi’s life was different from ours because we do not have higher and lower castes. Gandhi’s impact on the civil rights movement and assassination changed the way we live our lives today.Gandhi’s childhood and early life lead up to his desire for better treatment for the people in India. Gandhi’s life had an important impact on how the people in India were treated. His influence on the civil rights movement helped the leaders of the civil rights movement become inspired. His assassination was a hard time for the people in India. Gandhi inspired a lot of people not just in India, but all over the world as well.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Roll of Communication in Management

Communication is the process of transmitting information and meaning. It is important for managers to develop their communication skills, because it is one major skills needed by managers. The management roles, which are interpersonal, informational, and decisional and the management functions, which are planning, organizing, leading, and controlling all require communication. There are many types of communication. 1. vertical communication. The definition of vertical communication is the flow of information both downward and upward through the organizational chain of command. Some also refer to it as formal communication. Downward communication kind of speaks for itself; top-level management produces decisions that are communicated down to tell employees how to perform their job. 2. upward communication. This is when employees send a message threw the chain of command, to the managers. This type of communication is very good for employees because they feel they are being noticed in the organization. Managers also benefit from this because they learn more about the organization. 3. horizontal communication. Horizontal communication is defined as the flow of information between colleagues and peers. Although it is a form of formal communication, it does not follow a chain of command. Horizontal communication happens when persons of equal rank, if you will, communicate to each other. 4. grapevine communication. It is defined as the flow of information in any direction throughout the organization. This is a form of informal communication. This can flow in any direction, at anytime. Rumors get spread this way. Managers can correct situations by sending correct information down the chain of command. The next term I would like to define and describe is the communication process. The communication process consists of a sender who encodes a message and transmits it through a channel to a receiver who decodes it and may give feedback. There are four steps in this process. One, the sender encodes the message and selects the transmission channel. Two, the message is transmitted through a channel. Three, the receiver decodes the message and decides if feedback is needed. Four, feedback, response, or new message may be transmitted through a channel. In defining the first one that is, the sender encodes the message and selects the channel, we must define the different parts of that phrase. Encoding is defined as the sender's process of putting the message into a form that the receiver will understand. When selecting a channel there are three primary communication channels, which are oral, nonverbal, and written. The sender should choose the most appropriate one to warrant the needs of the situation. The second step in the communication process is, the sender transmits the message. After the sender has encoded the message, and selected a channel it is transmitted to the receiver. There are many barriers one being noise. This can confuse the receiver and he or she may not be able to understand it correctly. The third step in the communication process is, the receiver decodes the message and decides if feedback is needed. Decoding is defined as the receiver's process of translating the message into a meaningful form. The receiver decides if there is something needed in return, such as feedback, a response, or a new message. There are many barriers to mess up this step. Some of these are trust, credibility, not listening, and emotional barriers. The forth step in the communication process is feedback: a response or a new message may be transmitted. The role of the receiver and sender can change at anytime during this communication process. There are three different channels to communicate through, oral, non-verbal, and written. Oral communication is verbal communication. You can communicate fast with a one on one oral communication. The amount of time it takes to communicate this way to many persons is where it lacks. Nonverbal communication is messages sent without words. Body language is included in nonverbal communication. Facial expressions and vocal quality are both parts of body language. Written communication provides a record and is usually more accurate then oral communication. Some examples of this are memos, letters, reports, and posters. I would now like to discuss and define feedback. Feedback is the process of verifying messages. You can use feedback to describe the fact that didn't understand the sender's message this is referred to as paraphrasing. The definition of paraphrasing is the process of having the receiver restate the message in his or her own words. Communications management focuses on the efficient and effective management of all ex-change relations between an organization and its stakeholders. Corporate communications as part of the communications management process is about presenting corporate policy, and creating a positive relationship with an organization's environment. Promoting the relationships with all the relevant stakeholders acts as an extremely important tool to gain corporate success and competitive advantage

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Introduction, review of accounting process and financial statement Essay

Part 1 General acceptable accounting principle General accounting principles are set of rules generated by accounting board to guide accountant in preparation and reporting of financial statements. General acceptable accounting principles are accounting guidelines (GAAP) used in United States and are issued by financial accounting standard board (FASB). Other countries uses the guideline issued by international accounting standard board (IASB) supplemented by their own local laws. GAAP guide selection of events to be accounted for, the measurement of these events, and the mean of summarizing and communicating them to interested parties. In recording transactions GAAP make use of the following principles a) historical cost principle b) revenue recognition c) marching principle d) full disclosure GAAP facilitate comparability of financial statement for various firms. Information that has been measured and reported in a similar manner for different enterprise is considered comparable. Comparability enables users to identify the real similarities and differences in economic phenomenon. Comparability is achieved when companies use similar accounting procedures (e.g. use of same inventory method, depreciation) to account for similar economic circumstance (Porwal, 2008). Double entry accounting This is the method of recording accounting transaction where every debit entry must be accompanied by a credit entry and vice versa. If this method of accounting is not enforced then the basic accounting equation i.e. ASSETS = LIABILITIES + EQUITY will not balance. Therefore double entry accounting is used to ensure that financial record are complete and thus ensures that final statements give a true and fair view of financial performance at a given date otherwise if an accounting transaction is recorded on one side i.e. a debit or credit the balance sheet will not balance which indicate an error in preparation of financial statement (Fridson & Alvarez, 2002). Historical cost Historical cost is the original cost incurred in acquisition of assets. All assets and liability are recorded in financial statement under historical cost principle.   Under this principle the exchange price established or cost incurred at the time a transaction occurs is the basis for initially recording assets and liability. Cost is usually the best estimates of an asset or liability i.e. cost and fair value of an asset are equal at acquisition date. Historical cost principle ensures that there is consistency in recording asset and liability where assets are recorded at historical cost and subsequent loose of value is shown as depreciation and adjusted from historical cost to show the book value of an asset at a given date. Accrual basis vs. cash basis accounting Measurement of revenue can either be through accrual method or cash accounting basis. The two accounting method consists of rules that determines how and when expenses and revenue are reported. With accrual basis of accounting, revenue is recorded in the period in which it is earned and not necessarily when cash is received while expenses are recorded when they have been incurred. This method of accounting is used by all publicly traded company and large businesses. With cash basis of accounting revenue is recognized when cash is received while expenses are recorded when cash is paid (Fridson & Alvarez, 2002). The major difference between the two methods is that 1). In using the cash basis of accounting there are no any payables or receivable recorded in the balance sheet while in using the accrual basis both receivables and payables are recognized in the balance sheet. While reporting revenue using accrual basis both collected and uncollected revenue are recorded while for cash basis only the cash amount collected from sales and other activities are recorded. For instance if a customers pay $ 100,000 for goods which he has not yet received by the end of accounting period, using the cash basis this will be shown as revenue in the income statement but while using the accrual basis $100,000 is described as deferred revenue and   will appear in balance sheet as current liability. On the other hand when the firm deliver goods or offers a service but such amount remain outstanding at the end of the period using cash basis such a transaction will not be recorded but while using the accrual basis such amount will be described as accrued  revenue and will be recognized as revenue in the income statement and recorded in balance sheet as current asset (Siegel, 2007). 2) In a cash basis report, only the cash paid to vendors are shown as expenses while in accrual reports both paid and unpaid amount are included as expenses. For instance if a company pay rent amounting to $120,000 for 12 month but by the end of accounting period only rent for six month have been utilized using the accrual method $60,000 will be recorded as rent expense in the income statement while the remaining $ 60,000 are described as prepaid expense and are recorded as current asset in the balance sheet. For cash basis the whole amount of $120,000 will be recorded as rent expense during the current period. In preparation of financial statement the accrual basis of accounting is used where revenue is recorded in the accounting period it is earned irrespective of whether cash is received and associated cost used in generation of this revenue are also recorded in the same period. This is used in order to show the correct profit generated by an enterprise during a certain period. Current assets and liability vs. non-current items Assets include anything of value that is owned or due to the business. Current asset are those that mature in less than one year e.g. inventory, debtors, prepayment and note receivables. Liabilities represent a company’s obligation to creditors. Obligations that have to be paid within one year are called current liabilities. In preparation of financial statement asset are recorded as either current or non-current while liabilities are dividend  into current and non-current liability and companies have to adhere to this rule of financial reporting. Part 2 Bp group BP group present it final statement in term of income statement, balance sheet and cash flow statement. All the statement are presented in vertical format and each item is shown together with the corresponding item in the previous year. The income statement shows the income generated and division of this profit to various stakeholders i.e. among the total profit generated in year 2008 which amounted to $ 35,239 million the providers of finance received $1,547 million, government received $12,617 million and the shareholders received $ 21,666. The group balance sheet is dividend into five categories namely current assets, non-current assets, current liabilities, non-current liabilities and equity. The cash flow statement is dividend into three category i.e. the operating activities the investing activities and the financing activities. It financial statement are prepare in accordance with applicable UK law and international financial reporting standard. Quicksilver Inc The company also presents it final account in term of income statement, balance sheet and cash flow statement. The income statement show the profit generated and distribution to various stakeholders i.e. shareholders, government and minority interest. For each item in year 2008 the corresponding item in year 2007 and 2006 is also shown. The balance sheet is also presented in a vertical format where items are categorized into non-current assets, current assets, current liability, non-current liability and equity.  The cash flow statement is dividend in to operating, investing and financing activities. It financial statement has been prepared in accordance with the general acceptable accounting principles. RTL group It general presentation of financial statement is like in above two companies with the balance sheet dividend in to current asset and liabilities vs. non-current item and equity. The balance sheet and income statement are prepared in vertical format and show corresponding figures of previous year. Cash from operating activities is the best measure of company performance since it indicates whether or not the company will be able to meet it financing and investing need. Even if the company may have generated sufficient profit it may be in financial difficulty and may even be declared bankrupt for failure to meet obligation of creditor. Higher profit may be as a result of a change in accounting policy and not improvement in performance. More detail relating to each companies associate and subsidiaries can be collected from the filing they make in the respective country in which they are incorporated and their final report. Predicting company’s future trend Quick silver The company net income increased by 19% in 2007 compared to 2006. In 2008 the net income increased by 11% and in the year 2009 income is expected to grow by between  5%-8%. The company management also expect a hard time ahead due to current financial crisis which has led to a decline in household income and lower demand. RTL group In year 2008 revenue grew by 0.01% compared to and in year 2009 revenue are expected to decline by 2-5%. The company management and directors expect a drop in revenue in key market due to global economic crisis which has heightened the intensity of competition. Bp group The net revenue in year 2007 grew by 7% compared to 2006. In 2008 income grew by 27%. In 2009 revenue is expected to grow between 30-35%. Despite the harsh economic condition the management expects to increase it revenue earnings through higher fuel price.

Thursday, November 7, 2019

Incomplete Dominance vs Codominance Whats the Difference

Incomplete Dominance vs Codominance What's the Difference SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you studying genetics but don’t understand the codominance vs. incomplete dominance differences? What’s the difference between incomplete dominance and codominance? Why is it important to know? In this guide, we explain what incomplete dominance and codominance are, as well as how they’re different, using real-world examples to make these terms clear and easy to understand. What Is Incomplete Dominance? What Is Codominance? What is the difference between codominance and incomplete dominance? Before we get into comparing them, let’s first explain what incomplete dominance and codominance are. They are both important terms to know when studying genetics and inheritance patterns. Incomplete dominance and codominance are both types of inheritance where one allele (a form of a gene) isn’t completely dominant over the other allele. This results in a new phenotype (the physical characteristics of an individual). Incomplete Dominance Incomplete dominance is when there is a blending of the two alleles that results in a third phenotype that doesn’t look like either of the parents. The classic example is when a white flower and red flower are crossed. With incomplete dominance, all their offspring would be solid pink flowers, a completely new phenotype. You don’t see either of the parent phenotypes (i.e. white or red) in the offspring. Two common examples of incomplete dominance are height and hair color. Offspring will likely not have the exact same height or hair color as one of their parents but will often have a blend between the two parent’s phenotypes. Codominance In codominance, both alleles are expressed together in the offspring. If we cross a red flower and white flower that have a codominance inheritance pattern, the offspring would be flowers with red and white patches on them. Unlike incomplete dominance, where the two parent phenotypes are blended together into a new phenotype, in codominance, both parent phenotypes show up together on the offspring. The most common example of codominance is the AB blood type. If a person with A type blood and a person with B type blood have a child, that child could have type AB blood where both phenotypes are fully expressed. Examples of Incomplete Dominance and Codominance When comparing codominance vs. incomplete dominance, it can be useful to see visuals of how they pass their genes onto their offspring. Below are three Punnett squares, two for incomplete dominance and one for codominance. Incomplete Dominance In the Punnett square below we are crossing a pure red flower (RR) with a pure white flower (rr). Under incomplete dominance, all of their offspring would be pink (Rr). Under the complete dominance type of inheritance (the type of inheritance you probably first studied when learning about genetics), all the offspring would be red flowers, since the red allele would be completely dominant over the white allele. However, as mentioned above, with incomplete dominance, the two parent phenotypes are blended together in the offspring. RR: red rr: white Rr: pink What happens when you cross two pink (Rr) flowers? Half the offspring would be pink (Rr), a quarter would be red (RR), and a quarter would be white (rr) as you can see in the Punnett square below. When the two alleles are the same, either RR or rr, incomplete dominance doesn’t matter since there is no blending of different alleles. It’s only when an individual has two different alleles (like Rr) that incomplete dominance comes into play. Codominance For our codominance example, let’s say we’re crossing cows that have codominance inheritance rules for their coat color. Cows with the genotype BB are completely black, those with the genotype WW are completely white, and when they are crossed, cows with the genotype BW have black and white spots across their body. (When doing a cross that follows codominance inheritance patterns, all capital letters are usually used to represent the alleles to show no allele is dominant over the other.) By now, you can probably tell that if you were to cross a pure black cow with a pure white one, all the offspring would have black and white spots since they’d all have the BW genotype. Below is a Punnett square showing what happens when you cross a pure black cow (BB) with a black and white spotted cow (BW). BB: black WW: white BW: black and white spots From the Punnett square, you can see that half of the offspring will be pure black, and the other half will have black and white spots. Summary: What Is the Difference Between Incomplete Dominance and Codominance? Incomplete dominance and codominance are two types of genetic inheritance, and while both are variants on the standard dominant/recessive traits, it’s important to know the difference between incomplete dominance and codominance. Incomplete dominance is when the phenotypes of the two parents blend together to create a new phenotype for their offspring. An example is a white flower and a red flower producing pink flowers. Codominance is when the two parent phenotypes are expressed together in the offspring. An example is a white flower and a red flower producing offspring with red and white patches. Being able to explain the difference between incomplete dominance and codominance will help you understand different inheritance patterns and be able to answer genetics questions (especially = incomplete dominance vs. codominance questions) much more easily.

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

The Impost and the Abacus in Architecture

The Impost and the Abacus in Architecture An impost is that part of an arch from which the arc swings upward. If a capital is the top part of a column, an impost is the bottom part of an arch. An impost is NOT a capital but is often on top of a capital that has no entablature. An impost needs an arch. An abacus is a projecting block atop a columns capital that does not hold up an arch. The next time youre in Washington, D.C., look up at the columns of the Lincoln Memorial to see an abacus or two. The Impost Block Builders of what is now known as Byzantine architecture created decorative stone blocks to transition between columns and arches. Columns were smaller than the thick arches, so impost blocks were tapered, the small end fitting on the column capital and the larger end fitting onto the arch. Other names for impost blocks include dosseret, pulvino, supercapital, chaptrel, and sometimes abacus. The Look of Imposts The architectural term impost may date back to Medieval times. The interior of the Byzantine-era Basilica of SantApollinare Nuovo in Ravenna, Italy is often cited to illustrate the use of imposts. Built in the early 6th century (c. 500 AD) by the Ostrogoth King Theodoric the Great, this UNESCO Heritage site is a fine example of both mosaics and arches in Early Christian architecture. Note the impost blocks above the capitals of the columns. The arches spring upward from those blocks, which are traditionally highly decorated. Todays American homes reminiscent of Mediterranean or Spanish architecture will exhibit architectural features of the past. As was typical of imposts hundreds of years ago, the imposts often are painted a decorative color that contrasts with the color of the house itself. Taken together, these images show the transition of the column (3) to the arch (1) by way of the impost (2). Origin of the Word Impost has several meanings, many of which may be more familiar than the architectural definition. In horse racing, impost is the weight assigned to a horse in a handicap race. In the world of taxation, an impost is a duty imposed on imported goods   -    the word is even in the U.S. Constitution as a power given to Congress (see Article I, Section 8). In all of these senses, the word comes from a Latin word  impositus meaning to impose a burden onto something. In architecture, the burden is on a part of the arch that holds it up, denying gravitys attempt to bring the weight of the arch to earth. Additional Definitions of Impost The springing point or block of an arch. - G. E. Kidder Smith A masonry unit or course, often distinctively profiled, which receives and distributes the thrust of each end of an arch. - Dictionary of Architecture and Construction, The Impost and Arch in Architectural History Nobody knows where arches began. They arent really needed, because the Primitive Hut post and lintel construction works just fine. But theres something beautiful about an arch. Perhaps its mans imitation of creating a horizon, creating a sun and a moon. Professor Talbot Hamlin, FAIA, writes that brick arches date back to 4th millennium BC (4000 to 3000 BC) in the region known today as the Middle East. The ancient land called Mesopotamia was partially enveloped by the Eastern Roman Empire during the long period we sometimes call the Byzantine civilization of the Middle Ages. It was a time when traditional building techniques and designs already developed in the Middle East combined with the Classical (Greek and Roman) ideas of the West. Byzantine architects experimented with creating higher and higher domes using pendentives, and they also invented impost blocks to build arches grand enough for the great cathedrals of Early Christian architecture. Ravenna, south of Venice on the Adriatic Sea, was the center of Byzantine architecture in 6th century Italy.   Later still, it came gradually to replace the capital, and instead of being square at the bottom was made circular, so that the new capital had a continuously changing surface, from the circular bottom on top of the shaft up to a square of much larger size above, which supported the arches directly. This shape could then be carved with surface ornament of leaves or interlacing of any desired intricacy; and, to give this carving greater brilliance, often the stone beneath the surface was deeply cut away, so that sometimes the entire outside face of the capital was quite separate from the solid block behind, and the result had a sparkle and a vividness which was extraordinary. - Talbot Hamlin In our own homes today we continue the tradition begun thousands of years ago. We often decorate the impost area of an arch if and when it protrudes or is pronounced. The impost and impost block, like many architectural details found on todays homes, are less functional and more ornamental, reminding homeowners of past architectural beauty. Sources G. E. Kidder Smith, Source Book of American Architecture, Princeton Architectural Press, 1996, p. 645Dictionary of Architecture and Construction, Cyril M. Harris, ed., McGraw-Hill, 1975, p. 261Talbot Hamlin, Architecture through the Ages, Putnam, Revised 1953, pp. 13-14, 230-231Photo of Lincoln Memorial by Hisham Ibrahim/Getty Images (cropped); Photo of Spanish-style home by David Kozlowski/Moment Mobile Collection/Getty Images (cropped); Photo of colonnade and arches inside the Basilica of SantApollinare Nuovo by CM Dixon Print Collector/Getty Images (cropped); Illustration of an impost by Pearson Scott Foresman [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Hobbes and Locke Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hobbes and Locke - Essay Example Human beings naturally seek peace, and the best way to achieve peace is to construct the Leviathan through social contract. The Second Part: Of Commonwealth, shows the process of erecting the Leviathan by outlining the rights of sovereigns and subjects, and draws the legislative and civil mechanics of the commonwealth. He deduces twelve principals of the sovereign, proposes censorship of the press and the restriction of free speech rights for the promotion of order. The Third Part: Of the Christian Commonwealth, formulates the compatibility of Christian doctrine and the religious system of the Leviathan. He argues that though there is no God personally present in this world, even in the incarnation of Christ, there is a Prime Mover who intervenes in the world through the mediation of matter.Hobbes thus takes theological knowledge and reinterprets it to conform to his determination of natural facts and philosophical conclusions. The Fourth Part: Of the Kingdom of Darkness, engages in deflating false religious beliefs and argues that the political implementation of the Leviathanic state is necessary to achieve a secure Christian commonwealth.